Abstract
Graphical abstract
Key Words
Introduction
- Zhou P.
- Yang X.L.
- Wang X.G.
- Hu B.
- Zhang L.
- Zhang W.
- Si H.R.
- Zhu Y.
- Li B.
- Huang C.L.
- Chen H.D.
- Chen J.
- Luo Y.
- Guo H.
- Jiang R.D.
- Liu M.Q.
- Chen Y.
- Shen X.R.
- Wang X.
- Zheng X.S.
- Zhao K.
- Chen Q.J.
- Deng F.
- Liu L.L.
- Yan B.
- Zhan F.X.
- Wang Y.Y.
- Xiao G.F.
- Shi Z.L.
- Katsura H.
- Sontake V.
- Tata A.
- Kobayashi Y.
- Edwards C.E.
- Heaton B.E.
- Konkimalla A.
- Asakura T.
- Mikami Y.
- Fritch E.J.
- Lee P.J.
- Heaton N.S.
- Boucher R.C.
- Randell S.H.
- Baric R.S.
- Tata P.R.
- Han Y.
- Yang L.
- Duan X.
- Duan F.
- Nilsson-Payant B.E.
- Yaron T.M.
- Wang P.
- Tang X.
- Zhang T.
- Zhao Z.
- Bram Y.
- Redmond D.
- Houghton S.
- Nguyen D.
- Xu D.
- Wang X.
- Uhl S.
- Huang Y.
- Johnson J.L.
- Xiang J.
- Wang H.
- Pan F.C.
- Cantley L.C.
- tenOever B.R.
- Ho D.D.
- Evans T.
- Schwartz R.E.
- Chen H.J.
- Chen S.
- Maucourant C.
- Filipovic I.
- Ponzetta A.
- Aleman S.
- Cornillet M.
- Hertwig L.
- Strunz B.
- Lentini A.
- Reinius B.
- Brownlie D.
- Cuapio A.
- Ask E.H.
- Hull R.M.
- Haroun-Izquierdo A.
- Schaffer M.
- Klingstrom J.
- Folkesson E.
- Buggert M.
- Sandberg J.K.
- Eriksson L.I.
- Rooyackers O.
- Ljunggren H.G.
- Malmberg K.J.
- Michaelsson J.
- Marquardt N.
- Hammer Q.
- Stralin K.
- Bjorkstrom N.K.
- Karolinska C.-S.G.
Modeling SARS-CoV-2 Using iPSC-Derived Alveolar Cells and Organoids
Author | Stem cell type | Cell type derived | Time line in days | Culture conditions | Remarks |
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Ghaedi et al. 39 | iPSCs | Lung progenitor cells | 15–20+ | Differentiation was carried out on Matrigel. D0–D6: RPMI basal medium with activin A for first 48 h and then from D3, RPMI basal medium + activin A + B27 (50×) + sodium butyrate to direct differentiation to DE fate. D7–D9: Differentiate into AFE using IMDM basal medium + FBS + penicillin/streptomycin + L-glutamine + MEM non-essential amino acids for first 2 days and then introduce IMDM basal medium + Noggin + SB431542 for next 24 h. D10–D15: Differentiate into lung progenitor cells using IMDM basal medium + BMP4 + bFGF + Wnt3a + KGF + retinoic acid, etc. | FOXA2 and NKX2.1 mRNA expression checked on day 15 using RT-PCR. Protocol is a three-step process to derive lung progenitor cells. Shortest protocol for deriving lung progenitor cells. |
Firth et al. 28 | iPSCs | Lung epithelial cells | 45+ | Culture plates were coated with a combination of fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV gel for differentiation. D0–D3: iPSCs were differentiated into DE cells using RPMI basal medium + Wnt3A + activin A for 24 h. RPMI basal medium + 1% FBS and activin A added on day 2. D4–D9: DE cells were further differentiated into AFE. Ultra MEM-ITS + 2% FBS + SB431542 + Noggin added for 24 h. D5–D9, Noggin was removed and BMP4 added to inhibit Notch signal. D10–D17: Generation of lung progenitor cells using ultra MEM basal medium + 2% FBS + BMP4 + FGF2 + FGF10 + KGF, etc. D18–D42+: Differentiated cells into epithelial lung cells using DMEM/F12 + Ultroser G (serum substitute) + fetal clone II serum + insulin + bovine brain extract + transferrin + hydrocortisone + 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt + epinephrine + retinoic acid + phosphorylethanolamine + ethanolamine. | SOX17, FOXA2 and GATA6 transcript expression checked on day 4. Cells were stained for FOXA2, NKx2.1 and SOX2 protein expression. Cells were stained for Z0-1, E-cadherin and calmodulin protein expression. Protein expression of FOXJ1 and pericentrin evaluated on day 28. |
Wong et al. 29 | ESCs/iPSCs | Lung epithelial cells | 40+ | Plates were pre-coated with human placental collagen. IV D0–D4: Cells were differentiated into DE using endoderm differentiation medium consisting of DMEM + GlutaMAX + NEAA penicillin/streptomycin + activin A + Wnt3A + mercaptoethanol. D5–D9: Differentiation of DE into AFE using endoderm differentiation medium + SHH + FGF2 D10–D20: Differentiation of AFE cells into immature lung epithelial cells. Cells were cultured with endoderm differentiation medium + FGF10 + KGF + BMP4 for 5 days and then further cultured with FGF10 + FGF7 + FGF18 for more 5 days. D20–D40+: Immature cells converted into mature cells using bronchial epithelial growth medium with FGF18 for 6–10 days followed by B-ALI medium for more than 15 days. | FOXA2 and SOX17 gene expression was evaluated. Addition of FGF2 and SHH did not increase the number of NKx2.1+ cells. B-ALI medium was not added to the top of the well. Instead, it was added to the bottom of Transwell. |
Huang et al. 31 | iPSCs/ESCs | Lung and airway epithelial cells | 40+ | iPSCs were treated with DMEM/F12 supplemented with N2 + B27 supplement + ascorbic acid + GlutaMAX + monothioglycerol + BSA + penicillin/streptomycin before forming into EBs. D0–D4: Primitive streak formation was achieved with BMP4 and Y-27632 (RI) added to the medium for 1 day. Cells were resuspended in DE induction medium. DMEM/F12 basal medium along with B27 + Y-27632 + BMP4 + bFGF + activin A added to culture for 3–5 days. D5–D6: Introduced AFE medium after dissociating EBs with trypsin and cultured on fibronectin-coated wells. Serum-free medium with dorsomorphin dihydrochloride + SB431542 introduced for 48 h along with Dkk1. After 48 h, switched to SB431542 and IWP2. D6–D15: Cells differentiated in lung progenitor medium for 8–10 days. CHIR99021 + FGF10 + FGF7 + BMP4 + EGF + ATRA added in SFD medium. D15–D40+: For further maturation of lung progenitors, cells were treated with CHIR99021 + FGF10 + FGF7 + BMP4 + ATRA with SFD medium. | Cells were trypsinized prior to plating in low attachment plates to form EBs under serum-free conditions. CO2 5%/air environment. Differentiated cells were evaluated for expression of MUC1, ABCA3, MUC5B, FOXJ1, PDN and AQP5. |
Garreta et al. 32 | iPSCs | Lung progenitor cells | 22+ | D0–D2: EBs were generated using hanging drop method under two different oxygen conditions (5% and 20%). EBs formed within 3 days. D2–D5: EBs plated on gelatin-coated plate in DE induction medium. The medium had DMEM + N2 + B27 + FBS + L-glutamine + penicillin/streptomycin + activin A and introduced for 72 h. D6: Medium changed to ADE medium composed of DMEM + N2 + B27 + FBS + L-glutamine + penicillin/streptomycin + Noggin + SB431542, etc. D7–D12: Medium was changed to lung progenitor induction medium composed of ADE medium without Noggin and SB431452. Wnt3A + hFGF10 + mFGF7 + BMP4 + hEGF + FGF2 and heparin sodium salt added for 5 days. D13–D23: Immature lung progenitor cells were grown in same medium for further 10 days to convert into mature cells. | EBs were generated prior to differentiation into lung cells. NKx2.1+ PAX8 gene expression evaluated. Cells were incubated under 5% or 20% oxygen concentrations. Plate with 5% oxygen supply showed better maturation compared with 20% oxygen. |
Surendran et al. 11 | iPSCs | Lung epithelial cells | 30+ | EBs generated before differentiating into lung epithelial cells. Cells were passaged in non-adherent plate. EBs introduced with basal medium along with activin A and cultured for next 2 days. D0–D5: EBs introduced with definitive endoderm medium with the help of activin A + B27 and BMP4 for 5 days D6–D10: Next step was to introduce anterior definitive medium. Basal medium + EGF + bFGF + SB431542 and Noggin (dual SMAD inhibitors) was used for next 5 days. D11–D20+: Generation of lung progenitor cells done with the help of differentiation basal medium. Cells differentiated into proximal lung epithelial cells using differentiation basal medium + BMP7 + FGF7 + PD032519 + retinoic acid + Noggin and CHIR99021 for next 7–10 days. For distal lung epithelial cell derivation, basal medium containing BMP2 + FGF10 + BMP4 + bFGF + Wnt3a was used for next 7–10 days. | Expression of FOXA2 and SOX17 was evaluated. Nkx2.1 gene expression checked for proximal lung epithelial cells. NKX2.1 and SOX9 gene expression checked for distal lung epithelial cells. Shortest protocol for deriving lung epithelial cells. |
Longmire et al. 30 | ESCs | Lung progenitor cells | 25+ | Before DE induction medium, EBs were generated. D0–D5: EBs in non-adherent plates. DE medium consisting of mixture of IMDM (75%) and Ham's medium (25%) with activin A was used for 5 days. D6: EBs transferred onto gelatin-coated plate. Anterior endoderm medium containing cSFDM medium supplemented with Noggin and SB431542 was used for next 24 h. D7–D22: Lung induction medium consisting of cSFDM supplemented with heparin + KFG + hFGF + BMP4 + Wnt3 + hEGE + FGF2 was used for next 8 days (D7–D15). For next 7 days, hFGF10 was introduced into medium. D22–D25+: Lung maturation medium consisting of Ham's F12 medium + KGF + transferrin + CaCl2 + insulin + sodium selenite + dexamethasone + 8-Br-cAMP + BSA, etc., for next 22–25 days. | Cells sorted based on gene expression. Cells evaluated for SPC, CC10, CTFR and FOXJ1 expression. |
Tamo et al. 26 | iPSCs | Lung alveolar epithelial cells | 30+ | Two-step protocol for derivation of iPSC-AECII-d alveolar epithelial cell line (LL)-iPSC-AECII. D0–D3: iPSC colonies trypsinized and cells cultured on Vitronectin XF and grown for 3 days in iPSC medium. D3–D8: Medium was replaced with STEMdiff DE kit for 5 days. D8–D29: Cells were grown in small airway epithelial cell growth medium (SAGM; Lonza) supplemented with 1% FBS for another 21 days. D30+: hTERT and hBmi protein introduced to lentiviral vector used for transduction, which was done in derived ACE II to generate long-lasting ACE II (LL-iPSC-ACE II). LL-iPSC-AECII was grown to confluency in a 24-well plate and DMEM medium with 10% FBS supplemented with 100 mM IWR-1 used for 7 days. | Two-step protocol to derive ACEII cells expressing surfactant protein C, a specific AEC type II marker. AEC type I marker AQP5 did not show on ACE II type cells. AQP5 and hT1α used as ACE I markers. |
Heo et al. 27 | hPSCs | Lung alveolar epithelial cell | 25+ | Cells seeded at low density in the plate. D0–D6: Generation of DE done with the help of activin A + CHIR99021 + sodium butyrate, etc. D6–D10: Cells were introduced to Noggin and SB431542 to form ADE and then directed toward alveolar epithelial cell fate. D10–D14: Alveolar commitment step in which BMP4 and CHIR99021 were used to form immature lung AECs. D14–D25+: These days considered AEC maturation days for cells, and maturation medium used along with FGF10 + dexamethasone + 8-Br-cAMP + IBMX + KGF. | Cells were positive for NKX2.1, EPCAM and CPM expression. AECII differentiated to AECI, as determined by gene expression of T1 alpha. |
Wang et al. 24 | hESCs | Lung alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) | 20+ | D0–D2: Generation of EBs done by splitting cells using collagenase IV and cultured on six-well non-coated plates in hES cell medium. D2–D6: EBs were cultured on fresh six-well non-coated plates with DM containing 80% DMEM + 20% FBS + 1% NEAA + 1 mM L-glutamine + 100 g/mL penicillin/streptomycin. D6–D20+: EBs cultured further on gelatin-coated plate in DM and allowed to expand. The selection of hES cell-derived ATII cells was started on day 6 by introducing 20 g/mL of G418. Alternate method used was without EB formation, where G418 added from D1 onward. | The protocol allows derivation without formation of EBs. AT II cells were cultured on Matrigel along with G418 in the medium. Protocol is specific for derivation of AE2-type cells |
Van Haute et al. 23 | hESCs | Lung epithelial cells | 28+ | D0–D4: Collagenase IV was used to split the cells with subsequent culture on 12-well plates with MEF feeders using hESC medium in liquid–liquid conditions. D4–D28: Differentiation started using differentiation medium (i.e., hESC medium without bFGF and β-mercaptoethanol) in liquid–liquid conditions for 4 days and then replaced with air–liquid interface culture for 20 days. Note: Two types of controls were used in the quantitative real-time RT-PCR experiments: (i) hESC on MEF feeders, which differentiated spontaneously in hESC medium, and (ii) hESC plated on porous membranes for 4 days in hESC medium followed by 24 days in differentiation medium in liquid–liquid conditions (named “NO ALI control”). | Medium from upper compartment was removed. (referred to as ALI differentiation). SP-C and AQP5 had the highest expression after 20 days of culture. |
Gotoh et al. 37
Generation of alveolar epithelial spheroids via isolated progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports. 2014; 3: 394-403 | hPSCs | Alveolar Epithelial Cells | 25+ | D0–D6: Single-cell enzymatic dissociation done to form DE cells from hESCs. D0–D2: Y-27632 used to avoid cell death. From D1 to D6, sodium butyrate + activin A + CHIR99021 used along with basal medium. D6–D10: AFE cells formed from DE using small molecules such as Noggin and SB431542. D10–D14: Ventralized AFE cells formed from AFE cells using BMP4 + ATRA + CHIR99021 D14–D25+: To D21, FGF10 used along with aforementioned small molecules and basal medium. After D21, dexamethasone + 8-Br-cAMP + IBMX + KGF, etc., added until D25 for better lung-related gene expression. | CXCR4 + SOX17 and FOXA2 gene expression checked on D6. SOX2 and FOXA2 expression checked. NKX2.1 and GATA6 expression observed. HOPX, SOX9, NKX2.1 and GATA6 expression observed in cells. |
Yamamoto et al. 38 | hiPSCs | Lung alveolar organoids | 35+ | D0–D6: From initial day onward, activin A + CHIR99021 + sodium butyrate used along with basal medium to form DE cells. D6–D10: Noggin and SB431542 used to form AFE cells from DE and processed for 4 days. D10–D14: Ventralized AFE generated using BMP4 + ATRA + CHIR99021, etc. D14–D21: NKX2.1+ progenitor cells identified on D21. CHIR99021 + FGF10 + KGF + DAPT used along with basal medium and isolation of CPM cells done on D21. D21–D35+: 3D co-cultured with human fetal lung fibroblasts and dexamethasone + 8-Br-cAMP + IBMX + KGF, etc., added until D35 to form alveolar organoids. | 2D differentiation (3D differentiation). Lamellar body-like organelles, a specific feature of AT2 cells, observed on D35. |
Dye et al. 42 | hPSC | Lung organoids | 25+ | D0–D4: ESCs differentiated into DE cells using activin A along with RPMI 1640 medium. D4–D8: Cells were differentiated into AFE cells using DMEM/F12 + N2 + B27 supplement + 10 mM HEPES + L-glutamine + 1× penicillin/streptomycin + Noggin + SB431542 + FGF4 + CHIR99021 for 4 days To maintain culture for a long period of time, Noggin and SB431542 were removed from the medium. FGF2 + Sant-2 + SU5402 + SHH + SAG were present for 8 days. D8–D25+: Spheroids were formed after 4 days of growth factor treatment. Generated spheroids cultured on Matrigel-coated plate. Foregut medium with 1% FBS + growth factors + small molecules overlaid and replaced every 4 days. Formed organoids transferred into new Matrigel droplets every 10–15 days. | SOX2 and FOXA2 expression checked. For short-term use, no need to use growth factor with small molecules. Organoids formed and medium replaced every 4 days. |
Chen et al. 46
A three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2017; 19: 542-549 | hPSC | Lung cells (3D) | 25+ | D0–D3: MEFs introduced onto Matrigel for 24 h and supplied with hPSC medium and 5% CO2. After 24 h, EBs formed using embryoid formation medium and then switched to endoderm induction medium for 36–40 h. Activin A + BMP4 and bFGF used to form endoderm cells. For iPSC cell lines, endoderm cells purified using human CD184 MicroBead kit. D4–D6: AFE introduced on D4. EBs dissociated with trypsin/EDTA and cultured on fibronectin-coated plates. Cells introduced with anteriorization medium 1 for 1 day and then switched to anteriorization medium 2 for another day. On D4, Noggin and SB431542 used as small molecules. On D5, IWP + SB431542 used. D7–D25: Cells were treated with ventralization medium for 2 days and 3D clump formations observed. The suspended cells were LBOs. These organoids were introduced to branching medium and fed every other day until D25. CHIR99021 + BMP4 + FGF10 + KGF + retinoic acid used in branching medium for generation of lung-type cells. | Endoderm expression determined using CXCR4 and C-KIT. FOXA1 and FOXA2 gene expression observed. SOX9 and NKX2.1 gene expression observed. |
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iPSC-Derived Lymphoid Cells to Treat COVID-19
T Cells and COVID-19
Generation of Anti-COVID-19 T Cells from iPSCs
- Kim K.
- Doi A.
- Wen B.
- Ng K.
- Zhao R.
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- Kim J.
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- Hongguang H.
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- Weissman I.L.
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- Daley G.Q.
- Good M.L
- Vizcardo R
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- Tamaoki N
- Malekzadeh P
- Kawamoto H
- et al.
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Author | Stem cell Type | Cell type | Time line in days | Culture conditions | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good et al. 65
Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Generation of Tumor Antigen-specific T Cells. J Vis Exp. 2019; 24https://doi.org/10.3791/59997 | iPSCs | Antigen-specific T cells | 35+ | Note: Feeder OP9/DLL1 cells were readied a week prior on 0.1% gelatin. D0–D12: MEF feeder-dependent iPSCs were co-cultured on OP9/DLL1 with OP9 medium (MEM + FBS + penicillin/streptomycin). Increased the ratio of OP9 medium compared with iPSC medium. On day 9, multilayered center structure evolved with dome-like shape. D13–D35: Harvested hematopoietic progenitor-like cells were resuspended in OP9 medium with SCF + FLT3 + hIL-7. Cell passage was done every 5–7 days. D35+: Enriched CD4+ cells were cultivated in OP9 medium with IL-2 + IL-7 + CD3 antibody + CD28 antibody. Stimulated cells were collected after 7 days and mixed with irradiated HLA-A*02:01 + LCL loaded with MART-1 peptide in the presence of MEM + IL-7 + IL-21. Obtained CD8-αβ CTL cells. | Generation of antigen-specific T cells are more effective when EBs are used. CD43+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD8-αβ, MART1 tetramer checked. Antigen-specific T cells were derived from iPSCs using this protocol. |
Guo et al. 66 | hPSCs | T lymphocytes | 33+ | D0–11: EBs generated with basic differentiation medium (BDM) + BMP4 and cultured in 15-cm dish within 2.5 days. After 2.5 days, VEGF was added and cells were cultured for 6 days. On day 7, 2% of condition medium prepared from AFT024-mlL-3, AFT024-mlL-6, AFT024-hFIt3L and AFT024-mSCF was added. Doxycycline was added from day 6. Medium was replaced on alternate days. D12–D21: Hematopoietic maturation (iHPC) was carried out by seeding with OP9-DL1 cells in EM medium containing α-MEM + FBS + monothioglycerol + GlutaMAX + ascorbic acid + 2% conditioned medium (excluding AFT024-MIL-6). Cells sorted and EM medium used on alternate days. D21–D33+: Matured hematopoietic cells co-cultured with OP9-DL1 feeder cells in T-cell induction medium (TIM + α-MEM + FBS + GlutaMAX) supplemented with 2% conditioned medium derived from AFT024-hFIt3L and AFT024-Hil-7 cell culture for next 12 days. | Hematopoietic differentiation: Conditioned medium added until day 11. CD31+CD45-CD41(LOW) analyzed with flow cytometer. Hematopoietic maturation step: Cells co-cultured with OP9-DL1. TIM medium changed every third day. CD3 and CD45.2 expression analyzed with flow cytometer. |
Montel-Hagen et al. 61 | hPSCs | T cells | 67+ | D0–D3: Generation and isolation of hEMPs done using X-VIVO 15 medium along with rh activin A + rhBMP4 + rhVEGF + ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 dihydrochloride. Cells numbering 3 × 106 cells per 3 mL were cultured. Medium changed to X-VIVO 15 + rhBMP4 + rhVEGF + rhFGF. On D3.5, CD32–CD56+ cells were isolated using FACS D3–D10: Induction of hematopoietic lineage was done by T-cell differentiation. Embryonic mesodermal organoids were generated by aggregating hEMPs with MS5-HDLL4 cells. These cells were introduced into hematopoietic induction medium along with EGM2 + ROCK inhibitor + SB431543. On D4, 5 × 105 MS5-HDLL4 cells were combined with 0.5–1 × 104 purified hEMPs per PSC-ATO and centrifuged and cultured in hematopoietic induction medium in the presence of EGM2 + SB431542. Medium was changed twice in a week. D10–D17: Medium changed to EGM2 containing SB431542 along with cytokines rhTPO + rhFLT3L5 + rhSCF. D17–D67: PSC-ATOs were initiated by changing the medium to RPMI medium supplemented with B27 + ascorbic acid + rhSCF + rhFLT3L + rhIL-7. Medium was changed completely every 3–4 days for 50 more days. | 3D organoid formed before processing to next step. MS5-HDLL1 can also be used instead of MS5-HDLL4. PSC-ATO protocol employs PSC-ATOs to efficiently pattern hPSCs to T cells |
Nishimura et al. 67
Generation of rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells by reprogramming to pluripotency and redifferentiation. Cell Stem Cell. 2013; 12: 114-126 | T-iPSCs | T cells | 60+ | Regeneration of hiPSCs done using T cells or CTL clones. T cells were activated by a-CD3/CD28 antibody-coated beads or PHA-L. Activated cells reprogrammed and cultured with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% AB serum + glutamine + penicillin + streptomycin. On D12, The RH10 medium was replaced with DMEM/F12 FAM + 20% KOSR + glutamine + NEAA + mercaptoethanol + bFGF. D0–D15: iPSCs were transferred to irradiated C3H10T1/2 feeder cells in EB medium containing IMDM + 15% FBS + human insulin + transferrin+ sodium selenite + glutamine + monothioglycerol + ascorbic acid + VEGF + SCF + FLT-3L. D16–D45: Derived hematopoietic progenitors were collected and grown on feeder OP9-DL11 cells. The medium consisted of MEM + 15% FBS + glutamine + penicillin + streptomycin + FLT-3L + IL-7. D46–D60: The T lineage cells was harvested and mixed with irradiated HLA-A24 PBMCs and co-cultured using RH10 medium in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15. | iPSC clones transfected with small interfering RNA L527 using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX for removal of SeV vectors from cytoplasm. T cells differentiated on OP9-DL1 cells during co-culture in OP9 medium. CD45+ cells isolated using FACS. |
Nagano et al. 59 | T-iPSCs | CTLs | D0–D12: Differentiation was done on stromal OP9 feeder cells in α-MEM supplemented with 20% FBS. D13–D17: Enriched CD34+ progenitors were plated on OP-DLL1 stromal feeder cells with OP9 medium containing hIL-7, hFlt and hSCF hematopoietic factors. D18–D40: Floating cells were collected and transferred to new OP9-DLL1 feeder cells with OP0 medium containing hematopoietic factors. Passage on to a new OP9-DLL1 feeder layer was done every week. | T-cell-generating potential of T-iPSCs evaluated by frequency of CD4+CD8+ DP cells; once DP cells are generated, CD8-αβ SP cells are derived by stimulating isolated DP cells. |
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- Nishimura K.
- Ohtaka M.
- Nakanishi M.
- Miles J.J.
- Burrows S.R.
- Brenner M.K.
- Nakauchi H.
Derivation of NK Cells from iPSCs to Treat COVID-19
- Yoon S.R.
- Lee Y.S.
- Yang S.H.
- Ahn K.H.
- Lee J.H.
- Lee J.H.
- Kim D.Y.
- Kang Y.A.
- Jeon M.
- Seol M.
- Ryu S.G.
- Chung J.W.
- Choi I.
- Lee K.H.
- Lapteva N.
- Durett A.G.
- Sun J.
- Rollins L.A.
- Huye L.L.
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- Dandekar V.
- Mei Z.
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Author | Stem cell type | Cell type derived | Time line in days | Culture conditions | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hermanson et al. 73 | PSCs/iPSCs | NK cells | 32+ | Cells were cultured in 96-well plate format. EBs were derived prior to differentiation to NK cells. D0–D10: EBs inducted with SCF medium + VEGF + BMP4, etc., for hematopoietic differentiation to generate CD34+/CD43 NK cells. D11–D32+: EBs further differentiated into NK cells using IL-3 + IL-15 + IL-7 + SCF + FLT3 ligand. Medium change was done weekly for 28–32 days and harvested for APC expansion. | KIR, CD16, NKp46, NKG2D and NKG2A analyzed with flow cytometry. |
Woll et al. 69 | ESC | NK cells | 35+ | D0–D17: hESCs co-cultured with murine bone marrow stromal cell line M210-B4 along with medium containing RPMI 1640 + 15% FBS + glutamine + NEAA + penicillin/streptomycin + β-mercaptoethanol for next 17 days. D17–D20: CD34+CD45+ double-positive cells were isolated and single-cell suspension prepared. Used aforementioned medium (refer to article for more details). D20–D35+: Separated cells were co-cultured with murine fetal liver-derived stromal cell line AFT024 in medium containing DMEM/Ham's F12 + human serum AB (heat-inactivated) + L-glutamine + penicillin/streptomycin + sodium selenite + ethanolamine + β-mercaptoethanol + ascorbic acid + IL-3 (for 1 week) + IL-15 + SCF + IL-7 + tyrosine kinase 3 ligand for next 30–35 days. Medium was replenished every 5–7 days. | M210-B4 cells found more efficiently compared with S17 cells. CD56/CD45 NK cells were found mostly when analyzed with flow cytometry |
Zeng et al, 74 | iPSCs | NK cells | 40–47 | D0–D11: hPSCs were seeded on stromal feeder cells (OP9) in presence of α-MEM and 20% FBS for hematopoietic differentiation. D12–D47: Early hematopoietic progenitors were harvested and co-cultured with modified OP9 cell line expressing Notch ligand DLL1 first to increase hematopoietic progenitors and then driven toward lymphoid lineages. | Clonality assays to detect rearranged TCRβ and TCRγ chain genes in PBC/iPSC lines were performed. Phenotypic characterization was carried out by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. |
Zhu and Kaufman 75 | iPSCs | NK cells | D0–D7; D8–D14; D15–D43 | Feeder-free adapted ESCs/iPSCs with ROCKi for EB formation. Hematopoietic cell (CD34+) derivation and NK cell differentiation under feeder-free conditions in the presence of IL-3, IL-6, IL-16, SCF and FLT3. NK cell expansion was carried out under feeder-free conditions in the presence of IL-2 and aAPCs. | Phenotypic and functional characterization of hESC/iPSC-derived NK cells was done by flow cytometry. |
Discussion
- Schweitzer J.S.
- Song B.
- Herrington T.M.
- Park T.Y.
- Lee N.
- Ko S.
- Jeon J.
- Cha Y.
- Kim K.
- Li Q.
- Henchcliffe C.
- Kaplitt M.
- Neff C.
- Rapalino O.
- Seo H.
- Lee I.H.
- Kim J.
- Kim T.
- Petsko G.A.
- Ritz J.
- Cohen B.M.
- Kong S.W.
- Leblanc P.
- Carter B.S.
- Kim K.S.
WHO, COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape, 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. (Accessed July 30th 2021).
- Bos R.
- Rutten L.
- van der Lubbe J.E.M.
- Bakkers M.J.G.
- Hardenberg G.
- Wegmann F.
- Zuijdgeest D.
- de Wilde A.H.
- Koornneef A.
- Verwilligen A.
- van Manen D.
- Kwaks T.
- Vogels R.
- Dalebout T.J.
- Myeni S.K.
- Kikkert M.
- Snijder E.J.
- Li Z.
- Barouch D.H.
- Vellinga J.
- Langedijk J.P.M.
- Zahn R.C.
- Custers J.
- Schuitemaker H.
ScienceMag.Org, Abortion opponents protest COVID-19 vaccines’ use of fetal cells, 2021. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/abortion-opponents-protest-covid-19-vaccines-use-fetal-cells. (Accessed 12/08/2021 2021).
- Shittu I.
- Zhu Z.
- Lu Y.
- Hutcheson J.M.
- Stice S.L.
- West F.D.
- Donadeu M.
- Dungu B.
- Fadly A.M.
- Zavala G.
- Ferguson-Noel N.
- Afonso C.L.
- Huang J.
- Hume A.J.
- Abo K.M.
- Werder R.B.
- Villacorta-Martin C.
- Alysandratos K.D.
- Beermann M.L.
- Simone-Roach C.
- Lindstrom-Vautrin J.
- Olejnik J.
- Suder E.L.
- Bullitt E.
- Hinds A.
- Sharma A.
- Bosmann M.
- Wang R.
- Hawkins F.
- Burks E.J.
- Saeed M.
- Wilson A.A.
- Muhlberger E.
- Kotton D.N.
Conclusions
Declaration of Competing Interest
Funding
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
References
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